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NMN vs NR: Scientists Rejuvenate COVID-19 Infected Cells
Understanding the Role of NAD+ and NO in COVID-19 Cardiovascular Risks In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the world has been grappling with the virus's lingering impact on survivors. One particularly concerning trend that has emerged is the increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among COVID-19 survivors. Recent research from the University of Colorado Boulder sheds light on this issue and offers a potential solution – replenishing NAD+. The Cardiovascular Connection COVID-19 has evolved into one of the leading causes of death worldwide. What's intriguing, however, is the link between COVID-19 severity and the subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease. This link became the focus of a study conducted by Freeberg and colleagues, as reported in Nitric Oxide. While India's medical research body, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), continues to investigate the connections between heart attacks and both COVID recovery and vaccination, international studies have been yielding noteworthy insights. These studies suggest a concrete association between COVID-19 and a heightened likelihood of heart attacks. Even individuals who experience a less severe COVID-19 infection and recover may face increased prospects of developing heart-related issues or encountering early-onset cardiovascular challenges. A study based in Italy, for instance, highlights the alarming risk of acute myocardial infarction, which was found to be 93 percent higher among COVID-19-recovered individuals when compared to the general population. Furthermore, even those who had experienced mild forms of the disease seem to remain at an elevated risk of heart problems up to a year after their initial infection, as indicated by one of the largest investigations into the long-term cardiovascular consequences of COVID-19. These findings underscore the importance of comprehending the potential impacts of the virus on heart health, even in cases where the infection is relatively mild. The severity of COVID-19 infection correlates with a higher risk of cardiovascular complications. To investigate this connection, researchers examined the effect of the virus on human aorta endothelial cells (HAECs), the innermost layer of the body's largest artery, the aorta. These cells play a pivotal role in producing nitric oxide (NO), a critical signaling molecule that dilates blood vessels. The Oxidative Stress Dilemma Upon infecting HAECs with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, researchers observed a concerning phenomenon. COVID-19-infected HAECs displayed elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are known to cause cellular damage – a condition referred to as oxidative stress. Additionally, these infected cells produced less NO and had reduced levels of NAD+, a coenzyme involved in various cellular processes. The key takeaway here is that low NAD+ levels are closely associated with blood vessel dysfunction in the context of COVID-19 infection. NAD+ Precursors to the Rescue In their quest to rejuvenate COVID-19-affected HAECs, Freeberg and colleagues turned to NAD+ precursors. Specifically, they treated these cells with nicotinamide riboside (NR), a compound that boosts NAD+ levels. The results were promising – NR successfully restored NO and ROS levels to normal. This suggests that NR has the potential to rejuvenate COVID-19-affected HAECs. However, NR wasn't the only contender in this fight. Another NAD+ precursor, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), was also put to the test. NMN exhibited remarkable results, almost completely restoring NO production to normal levels and significantly reducing ROS production. The implication is clear: NMN can rejuvenate COVID-19-affected HAECs just as effectively as NR. A Promising Approach for Cardiovascular Health In summary, the findings of Freeberg and colleagues open a promising avenue in the battle against COVID-19-related cardiovascular risks. Replenishing NAD+ through precursors like NR and NMN can effectively combat oxidative stress and the depletion of NO in COVID-19-affected HAECs. This, in turn, may help prevent cardiovascular dysfunction and disease in survivors of the virus. NMN's Unique Potential A separate study highlighted the remarkable capabilities of NMN. Not only did NMN reduce ROS levels in human endothelial cells, but it also addressed senescence, a pro-inflammatory state associated with aging. This suggests that NMN might have broader health benefits beyond COVID-19-related concerns. NMN vs. NR: The Ongoing Debate The question remains: is NMN or NR the superior NAD+ precursor? While NMN came very close to restoring NO levels to normal, statistical differences were noted. This discrepancy could be attributed to the number of cells tested for each precursor. More cells were treated with NMN, potentially resulting in more statistically accurate results. Comparative studies between NMN and NR in humans are still relatively scarce. However, some research has suggested similar metabolic improvements with both compounds in healthy adults. Bryan Johnson's walking longevity experiment also yielded comparable results for NMN and NR. Until more studies emerge to definitively compare these NAD+ precursors, it's premature to conclude that one is superior to the other. In conclusion, the intricate dance between NAD+ and NO, alongside the havoc wreaked by ROS in human artery cells infected with SARS-CoV-2, unveils a profound story of cellular resilience. NR, acting as a shield, steps in to thwart the loss of NO production and the surge in ROS levels, effectively combating oxidative stress. Meanwhile, NMN takes on the role of a vigilant guardian, preventing the dangerous elevation of ROS and almost single-handedly rescuing NO production from its COVID-19-induced decline. These revelations not only offer a glimmer of hope in the fight against COVID-19-related cardiovascular complications but also shed light on a broader path toward fortifying our cardiovascular health in the face of viral adversaries.
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Latest Japanese Clinical Study Demonstrates NMN’s Insulin-Promoting Effect
In recent years, scientific research has been shedding light on the potential health benefits of NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) supplementation. From improved metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurological health to enhanced physical performance, NMN has captured the attention of health enthusiasts and researchers alike. Among those exploring its impact, Uchiyama and colleagues from Osaka University in Japan have made significant strides in unraveling the effects of NMN on human metabolism. In their groundbreaking study published in Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, they revealed some intriguing findings that could pave the way for better health management and even diabetes prevention. NMN and Insulin: A Vital Connection Insulin, a hormone responsible for regulating blood sugar levels, plays a pivotal role in our overall health. The researchers began their investigation by measuring insulin levels in blood serum, which was done after removing clotting factors to get a clearer picture. At the start of the research, the scientists examined the average amount of insulin present in the blood, which was measured at 6.95 microunits per milliliter (µIU/mL). To better understand what a microunit (µIU) represents, let's delve into the concept:A microunit, denoted by µIU, is a tiny unit used in medical measurements to express the concentration of certain substances in the body. In this case, it refers to the concentration of insulin, a vital hormone that helps regulate the levels of sugar (glucose) in our blood.Remarkably, after two months of NMN supplementation at a modest dose of 250 mg daily, insulin levels skyrocketed fivefold to 39.2 µIU/mL. However, it's important to note that insulin levels gradually tapered off to 28.1 µIU/mL by the third month of NMN intake. This intriguing discovery suggested that NMN could positively influence insulin levels, especially after meals when blood glucose levels rise. Boosting NAD+ Levels for Improved Metabolic Health Another exciting aspect of the study focused on NAD+ levels, a coenzyme critical for various cellular processes. NMN has been linked to increased NAD+ levels, and the researchers sought to confirm this effect in human subjects. Over the course of the study, blood plasma NAD+ levels increased over fivefold after just one month of NMN supplementation. However, as the supplementation continued for two and three months, the NAD+ levels showed signs of tapering off. This suggests that NMN could be instrumental in raising NAD+ levels, but the impact might wane over prolonged usage. NMN Concentrations and Individual Variations Interestingly, the researchers delved into the dynamics of NMN concentrations within the blood plasma. They discovered that NMN levels more than doubled during the NMN supplementation regimen but returned to baseline levels a month after discontinuation. Additionally, they observed considerable variations in NMN absorption across the study's participants. This individual variability indicates that some individuals might benefit more from NMN supplementation than others. Moreover, an intriguing discovery emerged from the study regarding NMN concentrations in the bloodstream. The researchers observed that NMN levels were notably higher in the plasma, which is the liquid component of blood without blood cells, as compared to the concentration found in whole blood. This finding indicates that blood cells may play a significant role in metabolizing NMN, possibly accounting for the disparity in concentrations between plasma and whole blood. A Pathway to Prevent Diabetes One of the most significant implications of the study's findings lies in the potential of NMN to prevent diabetes, a metabolic condition characterized by low insulin and insulin insensitivity. The substantial increase in postprandial (after a meal) insulin levels with NMN supplementation could be a key mechanism in improving insulin sensitivity, particularly in prediabetic individuals. By fostering better insulin utilization, NMN holds promise as a preventive measure against diabetes.The study conducted by Uchiyama and colleagues highlights the profound impact NMN supplementation can have on metabolic health. From its role in increasing insulin levels and enhancing insulin sensitivity to elevating NAD+ levels for cellular functions, NMN presents an exciting avenue for potential health benefits. Although the current research on NMN supplementation is in its initial phases, the findings from these studies hold great promise and underscore the need for deeper exploration. The profound impact of these discoveries reaches well beyond the scope of the present research, as they possess the potential to revolutionize our perception and approach toward metabolic well-being. Furthermore, they present exciting new possibilities for enhancing overall well-being through innovative approaches.As we navigate the early stages of NMN research, it becomes evident that this compound has the capacity to profoundly impact various aspects of human health. From its demonstrated ability to elevate insulin levels and enhance insulin sensitivity, particularly after meals, to its role in significantly increasing NAD+ concentrations, NMN emerges as a potent agent in promoting metabolic health.As we move forward, it is crucial to approach NMN supplementation with caution, understanding that individual responses may vary. Consulting with healthcare professionals and staying informed about the latest research will be essential in harnessing the full potential of NMN for our health and longevity. Through continuous research and a more profound comprehension of its impacts, NMN has the capacity to truly transform the manner in which we tackle metabolic health, forging a path toward a healthier and more dynamic future for everyone.
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Newest Study Indicates NMN Reduces Inflammation and Restores Cognitive Function
Our immune system, the shield that protects us from infections, is a marvel of nature. It tirelessly battles pathogens, keeping us healthy and safe. Yet, sometimes, this protective mechanism can become overly zealous or unbalanced, mistakenly attacking our own organs, and leading to severe damage. Even our precious brain, the core of our identity and intelligence, is not immune to these potential hazards. When inflammation takes over the brain, it can cause cognitive impairments, affecting our memory and learning abilities.But hold on to hope! In a groundbreaking research discovery from the Naval Medical University in China, scientists have unearthed a remarkable solution to combat this memory-hindering brain inflammation. Meet NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide), an extraordinary compound showing great promise in counteracting brain inflammation and enhancing cognitive function. The Connection Between NMN and Brain Inflammation Published in the esteemed scientific journal Redox Biology, a study led by Li and colleagues delved into the interplay between NMN and the immune system's inflammatory response. The researchers unveiled NMN's ability to activate a critical enzyme called SIRT1, playing a pivotal role in regulating the immune system's response to inflammation and oxidative stress.In a series of experiments on mice afflicted with a life-threatening infection known as sepsis, the team observed that NMN brought about increased levels of NAD+ and SIRT1 in a crucial brain region called the hippocampus. This finding is of paramount importance as the hippocampus governs memory and learning processes. Putting NMN to the Test To gauge the cognitive abilities of the septic mice, the scientists employed the Morris water maze test. In this challenging test, the infected mice faced navigation hurdles, exhibiting memory deficits by taking longer to find an escape platform and making more errors compared to their healthy counterparts. Yet, when NMN was administered to the septic mice, their cognitive performance underwent a remarkable improvement, indicating NMN's potential to enhance cognition. NMN: Easing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Delving deeper into NMN's effects on the septic mice's cognition, the researchers examined inflammation and oxidative stress levels in the hippocampus. Oxidative stress arises when harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulate, causing damage to cellular components like proteins, lipids, and DNA. Importantly, inflammation is a known trigger of oxidative stress.In the septic mice, the hippocampus showed elevated levels of proinflammatory molecules, including the notorious IL-6, alongside ROS. Nevertheless, NMN administration led to a significant reduction in both inflammatory molecules and ROS, highlighting NMN's prowess in effectively countering inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain. SIRT1: The Longevity-Boosting Enzyme Aiding NMN's potent effects, SIRT1 acts like an engine fueled by a molecule called NAD+. Sufficient NAD+ supply, generated through NMN metabolism, sets SIRT1 in motion, initiating a cascade of processes associated with longevity and overall health. Interestingly, previous studies have demonstrated that over-activating SIRT1 in the brain can extend the lifespan of mice.To solidify the connection between NMN and SIRT1 in alleviating brain inflammation, the researchers performed additional experiments by blocking SIRT1 using a specific drug. The results were clear: inhibiting SIRT1 undermined NMN's cognitive-enhancing, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects in the septic mice, underscoring that NMN's benefits stem from its activation of SIRT1. NMN is a Potent Anti-Inflammatory Agent The impact of this research extends beyond sepsis-induced inflammation, with NMN demonstrating potential in various inflammation-related conditions, including aging and chronic diseases such as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders. Inflammation can be triggered by factors like injury, aging, and even certain foods or environmental toxins.NMN's positive influence goes beyond the brain, as it exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in other organs like the skin, gut, lungs, and fat tissue, as seen in animal studies. NMN's activation of SIRT1 and subsequent increase in NAD+ levels enhance the health of cellular powerhouses known as mitochondria, reducing harmful ROS production. Additionally, elevated NAD+ levels in immune cells contribute to restoring balance in a dysregulated immune system, effectively reducing inflammation.The exciting discoveries emerging from the Naval Medical University's research shed a beacon of light on NMN's immense potential in combating brain inflammation and enhancing cognitive function. This extraordinary compound, through its activation of the longevity-promoting enzyme SIRT1, offers a promising path toward addressing inflammation-induced memory impairments.The wonders of NMN extend far beyond the brain, presenting a holistic impact on overall health by taming inflammation in multiple organs. As researchers continue their journey, we might witness NMN emerging as a powerful ally in the battle against inflammation-related health challenges, fostering hope for a brighter future of improved cognitive function and enhanced well-being. Let us remain eager as the quest for better brain health and longevity unfolds before our eyes.
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New Hope for Cognitive Decline: NMN Treatment Shows Promise in Restoring Memory
Low-dose NMN restored cognition by increasing serotonin receptor levels in the hippocampus The compound NP, which is present in dishwashing and laundry detergents, has been prohibited in the European Union due to its hazardous nature. Exposure to high doses of NP can result in reproductive damage and cognitive impairments, primarily affecting estrogen receptors. The extent of NP exposure in individuals outside the European Union remains uncertain, and currently, there are no identified remedies to safeguard cognition for those exposed to high levels of NP.A recent study published in Food and Chemical Toxicology by Liu and colleagues from the South China Agricultural University investigated the effects of NP exposure on rats' learning and memory. The study revealed that treatment with low-dose NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) restored cognition by increasing serotonin receptor levels in the hippocampus, a vital region responsible for learning and memory. These findings suggest that NMN may hold the potential in preventing cognitive decline in individuals exposed to high levels of NP.To assess the impact of NMN on cognition following NP exposure, the researchers conducted a passive avoidance test with rats. This test gauged fear-based memory by measuring the rats' latency to enter a darkened compartment, where they had previously received a foot shock. NP exposure significantly reduced the rats' step-through latency, indicating impaired learning and memory. However, when the rats were treated with low-dose NMN alongside NP exposure, their step-through latency durations were restored, indicating improved learning and memory. These results imply that NMN supplementation can help alleviate cognitive impairments caused by NP exposure. Low-dose NMN enhances the abundance of all three serotonin receptor types The study further explored the mechanisms behind NMN's cognitive restoration. The researchers focused on serotonin receptors in the hippocampus and found that NP exposure considerably decreased their levels. Low-dose NMN treatment alongside NP exposure restored the levels of three types of serotonin receptors (5-HTR1A, 5-HTR4, and 5-HTR6), while medium and high NMN doses only restored the abundance of one type (5-HTR1A). These findings indicate that low-dose NMN enhances the abundance of all three serotonin receptor types, thereby contributing to cognition restoration, whereas higher doses primarily impact one type. However, the statistical significance of cognition restoration with higher NMN doses was not established. The study provides support for the notion that low-dose NMN supplementation can restore cognition in rats exposed to NP. Additionally, it was observed that low-dose NMN treatment increased serotonin receptor levels associated with memory formation and retrieval. The precise mechanism by which NMN confers these benefits remains largely unknown, but it may involve sirtuin proteins and their dependence on the longevity-promoting molecule NAD+. Further research is necessary to comprehend the reproductive damage and cognitive impairments caused by NP in humans. NMN exhibits promise in counteracting the detrimental effects of NP, particularly with regard to cognitive function. NMN recommended daily dosage is 250 mg -600 mg. NMN can be obtained at a cost of 1500INR to up to 5000INR for a month's supply, with a recommended daily dosage of 250 mg -600 mg. The successful low-dose treatment of 125 mg/kg observed in the study rats is equivalent to approximately 600 mg per day for a human weighing 165 pounds. To achieve similar cognition-preserving effects in humans, a daily intake of around 500 mg or more of NMN may be required. NMN is also used to increase healthspan and longevity
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NMN Improves Diabetes-Induced Male Infertility, New Study Suggests
By the year 2045, approximately 10% of the world's population is alarmingly estimated to have type II diabetes. Men with diabetes often have fertility problems, including reduced sex drive, difficulty getting erections, and abnormal sperm. While some medications like pioglitazone and metformin have shown potential in improving sperm function, better treatments are needed to address male infertility in diabetic individuals. A study conducted by researchers from the University of South China found that giving diabetic male mice a substance called nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) improved the structure and function of their testes, leading to more healthy and viable sperm. The researchers observed that NMN also restored the size of the tubes in the testes responsible for creating sperm and increased the number of essential enzymes involved in using glucose for energy, which improved the overall health of the testes. These findings suggest that NMN could potentially reverse male infertility caused by diabetes. NMN Counteracts Diabetes-Linked Testicular Dysfunction During the study, the researchers induced diabetes in mice using a drug called streptozotocin, which led to a significant reduction in the number of sperm and an increase in the proportion of abnormal sperm. However, when the mice received NMN treatment, these negative effects were reversed, with the sperm count returning to normal and the amount of abnormal sperm decreasing. To further understand NMN's impact on the testes, the researchers examined the size of specific structures called seminiferous tubules, where sperm precursor cells are made. The mice with diabetes had smaller seminiferous tubules compared to the ones without diabetes. When given NMN, those tubules bounced back to a healthier size. It looks like NMN might be onto something here in reversing the effects of diabetes on these important structures. This suggests that NMN's ability to improve the structure of the testes could potentially reverse infertility caused by diabetes. Type II diabetes affects the way the body uses glucose for energy. To investigate how NMN might be working, the researchers looked at the levels of important enzymes involved in this process in the testes of diabetic mice. They found that the enzyme levels were significantly reduced due to diabetes, but when NMN was given, they increased again. This suggests that NMN may help the testes use glucose properly, providing the energy needed for producing sperm and potentially reversing infertility. The Diabetic Problem in India India is grappling with a significant diabetes problem, with approximately 77 million people already diagnosed with the condition. In 2020 alone, around 700,000 Indians lost their lives due to diabetes and its complications. Shockingly, this number is expected to skyrocket to a staggering 134 million diabetes cases in India by the year 2045. The increase in diabetes cases can be directly linked to various changes in the environment and lifestyle. Urbanization has brought about significant shifts in how people live and eat, leading to unhealthy dietary habits and a rise in obesity rates. To make matters worse, there's a surge in the accumulation of visceral fat, which poses additional health risks. Research indicates that Indians have a higher tendency for insulin resistance, a condition where the body doesn't respond well to insulin, increasing the risk of diabetes. All these factors combined make Indians more susceptible to developing diabetes, creating a challenging health crisis in the country. Overcoming Diabetes-Related Male Infertility Medications like pioglitazone and metformin may help restore fertility in men with diabetes by improving glucose usage in the testes. The study's findings suggest that NMN could offer another potential solution for restoring male fertility in diabetic individuals. Further research should compare the effectiveness of pioglitazone, metformin, and NMN in this regard. Adopting healthier eating habits and regular exercise can also help counter the effects of diabetes and possibly restore male fertility. The discovery that NMN might restore fertility in diabetic men brings hope for those of reproductive age, giving them the possibility of having children in the future.
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NMN Supplementation Upgraded: Exploring the Benefits of Liposomal Delivery
Should you take liposomal NMN? When it comes to NMN supplements, some forms may be more effective than others. Capsules, for instance, are believed to be less effective compared to sublingual powder, lozenges, or acid-resistant capsules. The reason for this is it all comes down to stomach acid wreaking havoc on NMN before it can do its magic in the bloodstream, where it's meant to work wonders on your cells and tissues. Now, let's talk liposomes, those cool, tiny bubbles with a mission. Picture them as molecular superheroes, zooming through your body to deliver drugs and compounds like sulforaphane, vitamin C, and glutathione. However, we are still uncertain whether liposomes are necessary for NMN to provide optimal benefits to human health. We're still in the dark on that one, waiting for science to shed some light. What are liposomes? Liposomes can be described as tiny bubbles with a unique molecular structure that act as vehicles for transporting drugs and compounds into the body. They consist of a double layer of fat-based compounds called phospholipids, resembling our cell membranes. The inner part of the liposome is water-based, while the double-layered structure shields the enclosed compound during its journey through the digestive tract and bloodstream. Once the liposome reaches our cells, it merges with the cell membrane, releasing nutrients. Turns out, liposomes are born from lipids, the cool kids on the molecular block. Think triglycerides, fatty acids, and cholesterol. They're the VIPs behind the scenes, ensuring our cellular membranes are top-notch in structure and function. The human gastrointestinal tract poses challenges with its acidic conditions that can degrade nutrients. Now, let's face the harsh reality of our gastrointestinal tract—it's a battlefield of acidic conditions that can obliterate nutrients. That's where liposomal delivery struts its stuff, giving a masterclass in efficiency. These tiny warriors are small in size, and armed with hydrophobic and hydrophilic powers, making them an unstoppable force when it comes to delivering the goods. Is Liposomal NMN better for you? Liposomes have been in the scientific spotlight since the '70s, but it wasn't until the '90s that they truly came into their own. These days, they're the darlings of drug delivery, with the potential to change the game. Presently, there is no definitive evidence indicating that liposomal NMN is superior to other forms. However, a study discovered that vitamin C has better bioavailability when delivered via liposomes compared to its naked counterpart. Could the same be true for other compounds? That's the burning question - is liposomal NMN the holy grail? Dr. Christopher Spade, an expert on liposomal delivery systems, suggests that liposomes mimic the natural cell-to-cell exchange of NMN, which could enhance absorption. However, such a claim lacks supporting scientific research. While liposomal NMN may offer improved absorption compared to capsules, it may have similar effects to sublingual or acid-resistant capsules. Moreover, it's important to note that liposomal NMN in liquid or gel form would be ineffective due to NMN's degradation in water. Hence, liposomes need to be encapsulated for effective delivery. As it stands, liposomal NMN may enhance absorption, but conclusive clinical research is lacking. Sublingual NMN or acid-resistant capsules could be equally effective alternatives. It is also worth considering other forms of NMN supplementation. According to Dr. Spade, liposomal NMN provides faster and more efficient absorption by avoiding degradation in the gut. It boasts several benefits, such as high bioavailability, noninvasiveness, protection against the digestive tract environment, increased oral uptake, intracellular delivery, compatibility with hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds, and adjustable dosing. The jury is still out there on Liposomal NMN Liposomal NMN might be the superhero absorption champion, but we're still waiting for those research superheroes to swoop in and confirm it. Sublingual NMN and delayed-release gastric capsules might just be standing shoulder-to-shoulder, ready to enhance bioavailability by sidestepping stomach acidity. The world of NMN supplements is a wild one, with liposomes strutting their stuff, but plenty of other forms vying for the spotlight. Let's keep our eyes peeled for more evidence-based research because when it comes to boosting those NAD+ levels, we need the real deal.
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Boosting Immune Power: NMN's Potential in Fighting Hepatitis B in India
NMN treatment significantly increases the expression of antiviral cytokines Hepatitis B is a viral infection that tends to be more prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia, but it has also made its presence known in India, affecting a terribly significant number of around 40 million individuals, roughly 3% to 4.2% of the population. India falls within the range of countries with moderate hepatitis B cases globally, with a prevalence rate of 2% to 4%. Given India's large population, this poses a significant health concern, adding to the global burden of the disease. Disturbingly, 15% to 25% of people with chronic hepatitis B in India face serious complications such as liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, and an increased risk of premature mortality. While most cases of hepatitis B resolve within six months, some persist and become chronic troublemakers. This occurs when CD8 T cells, the heroic virus-fighting immune cells, become exhausted from their relentless battle. Their exhaustion leads to DNA damage and weakens their ability to combat the virus. Understanding the reasons behind CD8 T cell exhaustion is crucial for developing improved treatments for chronic hepatitis B. Some researchers suggest that NAD+, a substance naturally present in the body, may play a role in this exhaustion process. Excitingly, a recent study by Fisicaro et al. from the University of Parma in Italy, published in the Journal of Hepatology, introduces a potential treatment approach for chronic hepatitis B. The researchers discovered that by targeting specific CD8 T cells that combat the hepatitis B virus with a substance called nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), they could give these cells a much-needed power boost. Exhausted hepatitis B-specific CD8 T cells were found to have higher levels of DNA damage and impaired DNA repair mechanisms. However, NMN or inhibitors of the CD38 enzyme have the potential to rejuvenate these exhausted T cells, enabling them to mount a formidable defense against hepatitis B and even other virulent infections. (Montali et al., 2023 | Journal of Hepatology) NMN restores immune cell antiviral cytokine production. Cellular cytokines listed on the X-axis significantly increased following immune cell treatment with NMN and hepatitis B viral proteins (black bars) compared to those treated with hepatitis B viral proteins alone (gray bars). Med + Pep= Cell culture medium with viral peptide stimulation; Med + Pep + NMN= Cell culture medium with viral peptide stimulation and NMN Furthermore, the study revealed that replenishing NAD+ levels in CD8 T cells isolated from chronic hepatitis B patients through NMN treatment significantly increased the expression of antiviral cytokines, particularly interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), which experienced a remarkable 2.7-fold increase. This suggests that NMN holds promise in restoring the antiviral properties of CD8 T cells. (Montali et al., 2023 | Journal of Hepatology) Hepatitis B-specific CD8 T cells have high levels of DNA damage and a weak DNA damage response to a DNA damaging molecule (etoposide). Left) Compared to FLU-specific CD8 T cells (FLU HEALTHY), those specific for hepatitis B (HBV CHRONIC) exhibit higher levels of markers for DNA damage (phosphoH2AX). Right) A molecule used to induce DNA damage (etoposide) elicits a trend toward lower DNA damage response in hepatitis B-specific immune cells (HBV CHRONIC) compared to FLU-specific immune cells (FLU HEALTHY), suggesting lower NAD+ required for DNA repair.In an intriguing comparison between hepatitis B-specific T cells and influenza-specific T cells, the study observed much higher levels of DNA damage in the former group. Additionally, when exposed to a substance inducing DNA damage, hepatitis B-specific T cells exhibited a weaker response compared to influenza-specific T cells. These findings indicate that the diminished NAD+ levels are associated with increased DNA damage in exhausted hepatitis B-specific CD8 T cells, as DNA damage responses heavily rely on NAD+ availability. (Montali et al., 2023 | Journal of Hepatology) Higher immune cell CD38 enzyme levels are associated with lower antiviral cytokine levels. Higher percentages of immune cells with elevated CD38 (%CD38hi) are associated with a lower probability of expressing the antiviral cytokine IFN-𝛾 (%IFN-𝛾+).“Our data show increased DNA damage with limited activation of the DNA repair machinery in [hepatitis B virus]-specific CD8 T cells from [chronic hepatitis B] patients,” say Fisicaro and colleagues. “This strongly suggests that NAD-consuming enzymes, particularly overexpressed CD38, may play a pivotal role in NAD depletion. Reconstitution of many interconnected intracellular functions by NMN supplementation indicates that NAD depletion likely represents an important determinant of T cell exhaustion.” Higher CD38 enzyme levels can impede the production of antiviral cytokines. Moreover, the study found a correlation between elevated levels of the NAD+-consuming enzyme CD38 and reduced levels of IFN-γ, a vital cytokine involved in antiviral defense. This suggests that higher CD38 enzyme levels can impede the production of antiviral cytokines, supporting the hypothesis that low NAD+ levels contribute to the development of chronic hepatitis B, as increased CD38 levels theoretically deplete cellular NAD+.To sum it up, this study provides compelling evidence that the hepatitis B virus triggers the activation of the CD38 enzyme, resulting in a shortage of NAD+. Consequently, exhausted hepatitis B-specific T cells suffer from increased DNA damage, accompanied by compromised DNA repair mechanisms. NMN could play a vital role in empowering immune cells However, there is a silver lining. Treating CD8 T cells with NMN, a precursor to NAD+, has yielded promising results in reviving the production of antiviral cytokines. This suggests that replenishing NAD+ levels rejuvenates the functionality of these T cells. These findings lend support to the idea that NAD+ depletion contributes to the exhaustion and dysfunction of CD8 T cells. Further research is needed to determine if NMN can restore exhausted T cells in the context of other infections. Should NMN prove effective in treating various infections, it could indicate that NAD+ plays a vital role in empowering immune cells to combat a wide range of infectious diseases.
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NMN Reduces Inflammation And Promotes Antibody Production. A New Hope for Immunity?
Hey there, my fellow busy bees! Life can sometimes feel like a never-ending race, with work, family, and countless responsibilities vying for our attention. It's easy to get caught up in the chaos and neglect our own well-being, particularly our immune health. But fear not, because I have an exciting ray of hope to share with you: NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide). This little-known compound might just be the game-changer we need to supercharge our immune systems and reclaim our vitality! The Immune Connection: Picture this: our immune system is like our personal shield, defending us against pesky invaders that try to make us sick. However, our hectic lives, stress, and less-than-ideal habits can weaken this shield, leaving us more susceptible to illnesses. That's where NMN comes in. This fascinating compound has captured the attention of researchers, and the results are truly remarkable when it comes to bolstering our immune defenses. NMN reduces inflammation and promotes antibody production Now, let's dive into the scientific side of things. In a groundbreaking study conducted by Xu et al. (2020), researchers explored the effects of NMN supplementation on aged mice. Brace yourself for the incredible findings: NMN actually improved immune function in these little critters! Antibodies, T cells, and natural killer cells were boosted, suggesting that NMN has the potential to reverse age-related immune decline. Now that's what I call impressive!But hold on, the immune-boosting powers of NMN don't stop there. Another study by Li et al. (2019) with obese mice revealed that NMN helped restore immune function by reducing inflammation and promoting antibody production. It's like NMN had the mice's backs, empowering their immune systems to fight off threats. Who knew this unassuming compound could be such a superhero? NMN and Infectious Diseases: Let's talk about the big bad world of infectious diseases. In a study by Zhang et al. (2020), NMN supplementation protected mice from influenza A virus infection. The researchers witnessed an enhanced immune response in the mice, making them better equipped to defend against the viral invader. This opens up exciting possibilities for NMN as a potential ally in bolstering our immune defenses against common infectious diseases. Say goodbye to those sick days, my friends! NMN and Overall Well-being: Now, prepare to be amazed, again! NMN seems to have a few additional tricks up its sleeve. In a study by Wang et al. (2019), it was discovered that NMN improved motor function and cognitive performance in aged mice. So, not only does NMN have potential benefits for our immune health, but it might also support our overall well-being. It's like a boost of vitality in a tiny package! Making NMN Part of Your Routine: Now, you might be wondering how you can tap into the potential of NMN and make it a part of your daily routine. Making NMN part of your routine doesn't have to be a daunting task. It's all about finding a balance that works for you and incorporating NMN into your daily life in a way that feels natural and enjoyable. Consider starting with small steps, like including NMN-rich foods in your diet, such as edamame, broccoli, and avocados. These nutrient-packed options can complement your NMN supplementation and provide an extra boost to your immune system. In addition to nutrition, by incorporating a high-quality NMN supplement into your daily routine, you can ensure you're getting a concentrated dose of this incredible compound to support your immune system and overall well-being. Life may throw countless challenges our way, but we have the power to overcome them. NMN offers a new hope for immunity and overall well-being, allowing us to reclaim control of our health in the midst of our busy lives. It's not about finding a quick fix, but rather embracing a holistic approach that combines smart choices, professional guidance, and the incredible potential of NMN. So, my fellow busy bees, let's embark on this exciting journey together. As we navigate our daily tasks, let's also prioritize our immune health and well-being. NMN: a new hope for immunity awaits us. Let's seize it, one step at a time, and unlock the potential for a healthier, more vibrant life! Remember, you have the power to make positive changes and boost your immune system. Stay strong, stay healthy, and let NMN be your secret weapon in the pursuit of a thriving life!
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Trying To Get Pregnant? NMN Increases Maternal Egg Quality, Numbers, & Improves Fertilization
The Ovary is the first to fail in Mammals! - Dr. David SinclairThe ticking clock of maternal age and its impact on fertility poses a significant concern for family planning in India. As women journey through the years, their fertility takes a nosedive, especially after hitting the milestone of 30. The culprit? Declining oocyte quality, those precious little cells vital for a successful pregnancy. Here's the harsh truth: We currently lack effective strategies to preserve or rejuvenate oocyte quality as women age. Consequently, there's been an upsurge in the demand for assisted reproduction technologies like in vitro fertilization (IVF) to combat the hurdles presented by this age-related decline.Unlike other tissues that can bounce back through self-renewal, oocytes in the ovary are like a finite resource, established during fetal development and not replenishing themselves. They're sitting ducks for dysfunction as the years roll by.The decline in oocyte quality as the years pile up is influenced by an array of molecular factors. We're talking genome instability, dwindling energy production in mitochondria, pesky reactive oxygen species (ROS), and even mishaps during chromosome segregation in the meiotic process. But here's the kicker: We're still in the dark about the exact cause of these chromosome mis-segregations in aging oocytes. And sadly, we currently lack any pharmacological approaches to tackle this problem head-on. If we could unravel the underlying molecular and metabolic mechanisms, it just might pave the way for therapies that can keep female fertility intact as time marches on.Now, let's talk metabolic mojo. Meet nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a powerhouse molecule responsible for energy metabolism, DNA repair, and epigenetic regulation. Here's the bummer: NAD+ levels take a nosedive as we age, causing ripples of interest in the use of metabolic precursors like nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) to kickstart a revival and keep our bodies rocking well into the golden years. NMN Improves Occyte Quality & Fertility In a quest to understand the fate of NAD+ in aging oocytes and its implications for infertility and oocyte quality, a team of scientists at the University of Queensland embarked on an experiment. They turned to our trusty mouse pals, who happen to experience similar oocyte aging woes as us humans. These researchers gave 12-month-old female mice a four-week treatment with NMN Supplements, and guess what? NAD+ levels in their oocytes shot up, resulting in improved oocyte quality, increased ovulation rates, and heightened fertility. As if that weren't enough, when they added NMN to the culture media surrounding embryos, the negative effects of age on embryo development reversed course. NMN treatment can be a non-invasive method to improve fertility. Hold on tight, because these findings pack a punch when it comes to addressing age-related infertility. The resurrection of NAD+ levels through NMN treatment could open a non-invasive and doable avenue for improving oocyte quality and amplifying the chances of natural conception or success rates in IVF. Picture this: Women with lackluster oocyte quality may be able to conceive using their own genetic material, waving goodbye to the reliance on donor oocytes. But, and it's a big but, we must exercise caution until further clinical studies validate the efficacy and safety of NAD+-raising supplements. Imagine the ripple effect of such interventions—savings on costs, diminished emotional stress from the heartache of failed IVF attempts, and the anguish of infertility. It's a lifeline that could alleviate the long-term psychological and social burdens, including the lurking shadows of depression and relationship strain, faced by those embroiled in fertility challenges.To sum it all up, this study's findings breathe hope into the realm of pharmacological interventions for age-related decline in oocyte quality. The potential is immense—improving fertility outcomes, enhancing embryo development in IVF, and bestowing women with the chance to have children using their own genetic blueprint. However, let's tread lightly until further clinical studies march forward to validate the efficacy and safety of these NAD+-raising supplements.
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